Phonetics
Phonetics is concened with describing speech. Thus, phonetics is a branch of linguistics which deals with the characteristics of speech sounds. In phonetics, we can figure out what people are doing when they are talking and how the sounds of speech can be described.In nearly all speech sounds, the basic source of power is the respiratory system that pushing the air out of the lungs. We can talk when we are breating in, and it is much harder to talk when we are breating out. The parts of the vocal tracts that can be used to form sounds are called articulators.
A. Vocal Tracts
Vocal tracts are organ of speech involve in speech production. The parts of the vocal tracts that can be used to form sounds are called articulators.
- Alveolar ridge is the small part protuberance behind the upper teeth that can be feeled with the tip of the tongue.
- Hard palate is the hard portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the alveolar ridge.
- Soft palate or velum is a muscular flat that can be raised to press againts the back wall of the pharynx and shut off the nasal tract, preventing air from going out throught the nose.
- Tip and blade of the tongue are the most mobile parts in the lower surface of the vocal tract.
- Front of the tongue is actually the foward part of the body of the tongue, and it lies underneath the hard palate when the tongue is at rest.
- Back of the tongue is the main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and soft palate. The body, spesifically the back of the tongue, moves to make vowels and many consonants.
- Epiglottis is the fold of issue below the roof of the tongue. It helps cover the larynx during swallowing, making sure that food goes into the stomach and not the lungs.
- Vocal folds are folds of tissue stretch across the air way to the lungs. They can vibrate againts each other, providing much of the sounds during the speech.
- Glittis is the opening between the vocal folds. During a glottal stop, the vocal folds are held together and there is no opening between them.
- Pharyxn is the cavity between the roof of the the tongue and the walls of the upper throat.
-Lyarynx is the structure that holds and manipulates the vocal folds.
B. Places and Manners of Articulation
The air-stream through the vocal tract must be in some way obstructed to form consonants. base on this obstruction, consonant it self can be classified according to the place and manner of this construction.
1. Places of Articulation
Places of articulation indicate the vocal organ involved in a particular obstruction in producing consonants.
- Bilabial: involves the two lips, upper and lower lips. They are the primary articulators.
- Labio-dental: occurs when the lower lip articulates with the upper teeth.
- Dental/Interdental: produced by articulating tongue tip with the upper teeth.
- Alveolar: produced by articulating tip or blade of the tongue with the alveolar ridge.
- Post-alveolar: occurs when blade of the tongue articulates with the rear part of the alveolar ridge.
- Palato-alveolar: prodeced by articulating the blade, or the tip and blade of the tongue with the alveolar ridge and there is at the same time a raising of the tongue towards the hard palate.
- Retroflex: the tip of the tongue is curled back to articulate with the part of the hard palate immediately behind the alveolar ridge.
- Palatal: the front of the tongue is articulated with the hard palate.
- Velar: the back of the tongue articulates with the uvula.
- Uvular: the back of the tongue articulates with the uvula.
- Glottal: indicating by an obstruction, or a narrowing causing friction but not vibration, between the vocal folds.
- Pharyngeal: the front wall of the pharynx (in the region of the epiglottis) articulates with the back wall.
2. Manner of Articulation
Manners of articulation deal with the way how we produce the consonants. There some kinds of this manner.
- Stop: a complete closure is made at some point in the vocal tract; the soft palate is raised. Air pressure thus builds up behind the closure, which is then released explosively.
- Nasal: a complete closure is made at some point in the mouth, the soft palate is lowered, so that air escape through the nose.
- Affricate: a complete closure is made at some point in the mouth; the soft palate is raised. Air pressure builds up behind the closure, and is then released relatively slow (compare to a stop released). The first element of the sound has a sharp plosive character, but this is followed by an element of audible friction.
- Roll/Trill: one aticulator taps rapidly againts another - typically the tongue tip againts the alveolar ridge or the tomgue back againts the uvula.
- Flap: a single tap is made by one articulators againts another, as in some pronunciation of the r in very and, and d in ladder where the tongue tip taps once againts the alveolar ridge.
- Lateral: a particular closure is made at some point of the mouth in such a way that the air stream is allowed to escape around the side of the closure.
-Fricative: two vocal organs come so close together that the movement of air between them causes audible friction. Some fricative have a sharper sound than others, because of tyhe greater intensity of their high frequencies.
posted by Rini Ekayati :: Linguistics :: @ 6:30 PM
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